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Repossessions: 11.3.4.2 Transactions Not Qualifying As UCC Sales
To be a valid UCC repossession sale, the collateral must in fact be sold. The secured party cannot credit the consumer with an estimated “actual cash value.”96 The secured party must use an actual sale price resulting from a commercially reasonable sale.
Repossessions: 11.3.4.3 When Sale Involves Additional Property or Charges
The repossessed collateral’s sale price is not a valid value when one price has been obtained for a lot of items including the collateral, and the price the creditor allocates to the other items in the package is artificially high.104 Similarly, a vehicle’s sale price at a private retail sale often includes a finance charge, insurance, service contracts, trade-in allowances, and components other than the price for the basic repossessed property.
Repossessions: 11.3.4.4 When Collateral Purchased in Part with a Trade-In or Other Non-Cash Proceeds
If the secured party receives non-cash proceeds from a commercially reasonable sale of the collateral, the secured party can hold off applying the sale proceeds to the balance of the debt until the proceeds have been converted to cash.105 The official comments clarify, however, that it would not be commercially reasonable for a secured party that is in the business of selling or financing vehicles to resell a vehicle on credit and treat the credit contract as non-cash proceeds.106 The secured pa
Repossessions: 11.3.5.1 Special Rule for Determining Value
A secured party cannot sell to itself at a private sale.113 In addition, whether the Article 9 disposition is public or private, special “insider” rules apply to sales to the secured party, a person related to the secured party,114 or a secondary obligor, such as a dealer subject to a recourse agreement.115 If such a sale involves a price “significantly below the range of proceeds that a complying disposition to a [non-insider] would have brought,”
Repossessions: 11.3.5.2 Who Is an Insider?
Section 9-615(f) focuses on a group of parties who lack the incentive to maximize the collateral’s resale price.125 It applies when the collateral is sold to the secured party itself, to a secondary obligor, or to a person related to the secured party.
Repossessions: 11.3.5.3 Practical Applications of the Insider Rules
Article 9 defines insiders in terms of their relationship to the secured party and its affiliates, so the practical import of these rules will be determined by who the secured party is.
Repossessions: 13.2.4.4 Who May Seek Statutory Damages?
Statutory damages under UCC § 9-625(c)(2) are available only to a person who is a debtor (defined as the person who owns the collateral)54 or a secondary obligor at the time the secured party failed to comply with Part 6 of Article 9. Therefore, a person who is the primary obligor but does not have an interest in the collateral is entitled only to actual damages, not statutory damages. The explicit inclusion of secondary obligors resolves a split among the courts under the former version of Article 9.
Repossessions: 13.2.4.5 Statutory Damages Available Only If Collateral Is Consumer Goods
As was true under the former version of Article 9, statutory damages are available only if the collateral is consumer goods, defined as those that are used or bought primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.57 If non-consumer goods are collateral for a consumer transaction, section 9-625(c)(2) does not apply.
Repossessions: 13.2.4.6 Calculation of Statutory Damages
When a creditor violates Article 9, Part 6, and the collateral is consumer goods, the consumer is entitled to the greater of the consumer’s actual damages or the minimum damages set out in UCC § 9-625(c)(2).62 Statutory minimum damages are computed by adding the “credit service charge” or “time price differential” (that is, the finance charge) and ten percent of the “principal amount of the debt” (that is, the amount financed) or “cash price.”63 The “time price differential,” a term used when th
Repossessions: 13.2.5 Supplemental $500 Damages for Miscellaneous Violations
Revised Article 9 creates a new $500 statutory damages provision for various violations.79 The official comments refer to this award as “supplemental” damages, because it is to be awarded in addition to any actual damages the consumer proves.
Supplemental $500 damages are available for:
Repossessions: 13.2.6.1 Class Actions
Many Article 9 issues are suitable for class action treatment.
Repossessions: 13.2.6.2 Multiple Statutory Damages
Under former Article 9, most courts awarded only one set of statutory damages for each repossession, even if the repossession involved multiple violations of Article 9 Part 5.109 Revised Article 9 explicitly adopts this view.
Repossessions: 13.2.6.3 Can the Consumer Recover Both UCC Statutory Damages and Actual, Statutory, or Punitive Damages Under Non-UCC Law?
A consumer cannot receive UCC § 9-625(c)(2) statutory damages (the finance charge plus ten percent of the principal) and actual damages for the same violation.111 The consumer receives one or the other, whichever is greater. But can the consumer recover in the same transaction both section 9-625(c)(2) statutory damages and statutory damages under some other consumer statute? Strong arguments favor allowing such a recovery.
Repossessions: 13.2.7.1 Generally
Revised Article 9 sets out rules for non-consumer transactions about the relationship between defeat of a deficiency judgment claim and the right to an affirmative recovery of actual damages. The uniform version is silent, however, as to the rule in consumer transactions. It is also silent on the question whether a consumer who has defeated a deficiency judgment can recover statutory damages.
Repossessions: 13.2.7.2 Effect on Actual and Statutory Damages When Debtor Has Defeated Deficiency Claim in Non-Consumer Transaction or in Non-Uniform State
Under UCC § 9-625(d), if a debtor’s “deficiency is eliminated under Section 9-626,” then the debtor may recover damages for loss of a surplus. However, if the deficiency has been defeated or reduced under section 9-626, neither the debtor nor any secondary obligor may otherwise recover actual damages for the creditor’s noncompliance with the provisions of Part 6 relating to “collection, enforcement, disposition, or acceptance.”
Repossessions: 13.2.7.3 Effect on Actual and Statutory Damages When Debtor Has Defeated Deficiency Claim in Consumer Transaction in Uniform State
The uniform version of revised Article 9 is silent about whether statutory and actual damages are available in consumer transactions in addition to eliminating a deficiency.
Repossessions: 13.2.7.4 When Non-UCC State Law Specifically Bars Deficiency
UCC statutory damages are also appropriate when state law other than Article 9 prohibits the creditor’s deficiency. For example, state consumer credit statutes may bar any deficiency action or a deficiency action if the creditor does not comply with certain disposition requirements beyond those specified in the UCC.
Repossessions: 13.2.7.5 Practical Considerations
Consumer attorneys must be careful to structure their pleadings and requests for relief so that the court can both dismiss the deficiency claim and award statutory damages. If the debtor does not request such relief, the court is unlikely to do so on its own.134 To counter any perception that this relief is a windfall,135 it is important to stress the policy behind UCC § 9-625 statutory damages: the damage award is not just to compensate the consumer, but to deter creditor misconduct.
Repossessions: 13.2.8.1 What Limitations Period Applies
One issue that will vary significantly from state to state is what statute of limitations to use for claims for relief under UCC § 9-625. Even after the limitations period has expired, section 9-625 statutory damages will be available by way of recoupment to offset a deficiency. But the statutory damage award can only offset the deficiency, and not result in a positive recovery for the consumer. For the consumer to obtain a positive recovery, the claim or counterclaim must be brought within the limitations period applicable to UCC § 9-625.
Repossessions: 13.2.8.2 Tolling and the Discovery Rule; When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run
Just as the statute of limitations applicable to a claim under section 9-625 will vary depending on state law, so will the issue of when the limitations period begins to run and whether it can be tolled. The jurisdiction’s controlling decisions should be researched.
Repossessions: 13.3.1 Application of Good Faith Requirement to Repossession Cases
UCC § 1-304 states: “Every contract or duty within [the Uniform Commercial Code] imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance and enforcement.” “Good faith” is defined as honesty in fact and observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.152 In addition, many states imply a covenant of good faith and fair dealing in all contracts as a matter of common law.153 Decisions applying these statutes vary as to what degree of fault will constitute lack of good faith.
Repossessions: 13.3.2 Remedies for Violation of Good Faith Requirement
Courts are divided as to the consumer’s remedy when the creditor violates its duty of good faith.
Repossessions: 13.4.1 Overview of UDAP Remedy
Every state has an unfair and deceptive acts and practices (UDAP) statute that authorizes a private cause of action for damages.188 Most UDAP statutes also provide for injunctive relief, attorney fees and either multiple, punitive, or statutory damages.
Repossessions: 13.4.2.1 Importance of Examining the Statutory Language
When utilizing a state UDAP statute to challenge repossession practices, always make sure that the practices fall within the statute’s scope. While UDAP statutes have general applicability to almost all consumer transactions, coverage of repossessions will be an issue in some states. If the statute applies to the sale of goods and services, there may be a question whether it applies only to sales inducements or also to subsequent enforcement of the obligation to pay the sale price. Some statutes also exempt practices by banks or other regulated creditors.