Consumer Banking and Payments Law: 3.10.4 Common Law Ratification of a Forged Signature
If the drawer’s signature is forged, the victim of the forgery can validate the forgery through the ratification doctrine.663 This ratification may occur after a forgery by conduct as well as express statements.664 The comment explains that ratification may be found, for example, “from the retention of benefits received in the transaction with knowledge of the unauthorized signature.”665 The UCC incorporates the common law principles that apply to